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[自閉症評估與特徵] 自閉症迷思 - 自閉症的孩子會說話嗎?
自閉症,現在又名自閉症譜系障礙 (Autism Spectrum Disorder),是兒童發展障礙之一。自閉症是令很多家長有疑惑的發展障礙,因為其名稱「自閉」二字,常令人誤以為患者是完全不說話。事實上,於近年美國斷症手冊的更新 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5),亞氏保加症(Asperger Syndrome) 已歸納入自閉症譜系障礙當中,使自閉症譜系障礙包括了更多表徵。自閉症譜系障礙表徵在每個患者身上也可以是不一樣,同時亦會隨時間而有所轉變。
自閉症譜系障礙的主要特徵如下:
1. 溝通障礙: 溝通障礙包括了言語表達與理解困難,例如有些兒童患者會專注於幾個自己有興趣的範疇,難以維持社交對答。值得注意的是,有不少患者都可以用言語溝通,當中部分兒童會有言語發展遲緩,也有一部分鮮有用言語表達。
2. 難以維繫與人的關係: 難以結交朋友與維繫友誼,並於與人互動較有困難;如少有眼神接觸,不易解讀眉頭眼額等。
3. 行為障礙: 不少自閉症兒童都會有重複性行為與固執行為,例如有些兒童患者會堅持走同一段路,難免接受轉變。行為障礙亦包括有限的興趣與感覺統合問題。
自閉症評估過程包含症狀分析 治療與訓練方案方可有效
自閉症譜系障礙的表徵很多,而每種徵狀也會對兒童與家庭帶來不同程度的困擾。因此,單是知道孩子患有自閉症譜系障礙是不足夠的。雖然自閉症譜系障礙暫時是未能根治,但合適的治療與訓練可改善社交與情緒狀況。而治療自閉症譜系障礙的方案有很多,不少家庭在孩子被斷症後都感到徬徨失措。
曾經有個案在評估與選擇治療時向我咨詢,坊間太多不同種類的治療,父母無從選擇。於評估與分析過後,因為該孩子感覺統合問題與社交困難特別嚴重,家庭安排孩子接受合適訓練,並於指導下為孩子按部就班建立基本社交技巧,孩子的情緒慢慢就有改善起來,父母也鬆一口氣。
孩子患有自閉症譜系障礙對家庭來說是一大挑戰,合適的治療與訓練可幫助兒童應付日常生活,並讓父母學習到更有效的方法與孩子相處,陪伴孩子成長。
原文刊登於: https://mamibuy.com.hk/talk/article/69873
